@article {47406,
	title = {Multiple effects and uncertainties of emission control policies in China: Public health, soil acidification, and global temperature},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment },
	volume = {409},
	year = {2011},
	note = {<a data-url="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34730511" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34730511" target="_blank" title="">Final Manuscript in DASH</a>},
	pages = {5177-5187},
	abstract = {Policies to control emissions of criteria pollutants in China may have conflicting impacts on public health, soil acidification, and climate. Two scenarios for 2020, a base case without anticipated control measures and a more realistic case including such controls, are evaluated to quantify the effects of the policies on emissions and resulting environmental outcomes. Large benefits to public health can be expected from the controls, attributed mainly to reduced emissions of primary PM and gaseous PM precursors, and thus lower ambient concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Approximately 4\% of all-cause mortality in the country can be avoided (95\% confidence interval: 1{\textendash}7\%), particularly in eastern and north-central China, regions with large population densities and high levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Surface ozone levels, however, are estimated to increase in parts of those regions, despite NO<sub>X</sub> reductions. This implies VOC-limited conditions. Even with significant reduction of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>X</sub> emissions, the controls will not significantly mitigate risks of soil acidification, judged by the exceedance levels of critical load (CL). This is due to the decrease in primary PM emissions, with the consequent reduction in deposition of alkaline base cations. Compared to 2005, even larger CL exceedances are found for both scenarios in 2020, implying that PM control may negate any recovery from soil acidification due to SO<sub>2</sub> reductions. Noting large uncertainties, current polices to control emissions of criteria pollutants in China will not reduce climate warming, since controlling SO<sub>2</sub> emissions also reduces reflective secondary aerosols. Black carbon emission is an important source of uncertainty concerning the effects of Chinese control policies on global temperature change. Given these conflicts, greater consideration should be paid to reconciling varied environmental objectives, and emission control strategies should target not only criteria pollutants but also species such as VOCs and CO<sub>2</sub>.},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711008904},
	author = {Zhao, Yu and McElroy, Michael B. and Xing, Jia and Duan, Lei and Nielsen, Chris P and Lei, Yu and Hao, Jiming}
}
